Mr. Big Noodles
Theory God
When I'm figuring this stuff out, I listen to whether it's modal or has a 'leading tone' sound to it, and if it's neither, then I either recall the sound of the scale, or if it's unfamiliar, then I get my guitar and pick out tones from the scale one by one until I know the intervallic composition of the scale. As for knowing the key, I find the tonic chord on my guitar and I'm pretty much set. It's all ear training and theory, and not even a whole lot of it. And, yeah, I'm enrolled in a music program at a community college (that just so happens to have really kickass faculty).